What component of the cell carries out vital life processes?

The component of the cell that carries out vital life processes is best represented by cell organelles. Organelles are specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions necessary for maintaining the cell's life and operation. For example, mitochondria are involved in energy production, ribosomes are key in synthesizing proteins, and the endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in transporting proteins and other materials within the cell.

While the nucleus is crucial for storing genetic information and coordinating activities like growth and reproduction, it does not itself carry out the processes. The cytoplasm provides a medium for organelles to function and is involved in cellular processes but does not directly perform vital functions. The cell membrane is essential for protecting the cell and regulating the passage of substances, but it also does not conduct vital internal processes.

Thus, cell organelles are distinct in their role of executing the necessary tasks that sustain cell life and function.